{"id":12155,"date":"2020-12-04T10:14:28","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T10:14:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iai-dana4.iai.kit.edu\/?page_id=12155"},"modified":"2020-12-04T14:57:14","modified_gmt":"2020-12-04T14:57:14","slug":"glossary","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossary\/","title":{"rendered":"Glossary"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"cm-glossary\"><div class=\"glossary-container \"><input type=\"hidden\" class=\"cmtt-attribute-field\" name=\"glossary_index_style\" value=\"classic\"><div id=\"glossaryList-nav\" class=\"listNav large\" role=\"tablist\"><\/div><ul class=\"glossaryList\" role=\"tablist\" id=\"glossaryList\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTermSet\"><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/absorption\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Absorption&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Latin &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;absorptio&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - engulf. It means to incorporate something into something.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Absorption<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/accumulator\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Accumulator&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;(also: battery, secondary cell, obsolete: collector) is a storage device for electrical energy, usually based on an electrochemical system, i.e. a rechargeable or secondary cell.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Accumulator<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/acute\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Acute&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Denotes a sudden, rapid, short-term effect (e.g. a fast occurring toxic effect).&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Acute<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/adi\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ADI&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Short for&amp;lt;em&amp;gt; Acceptable daily intake,&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; is a measure of the amount of a specific substance (originally applied for a food additive, later also for a residue of a veterinary drug or pesticide) in food or drinking water that can be ingested (orally) on a daily basis over a lifetime without an appreciable health risk.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">ADI<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/adsorption\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Adsorption&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Latin adsorptio, from adsorbere &amp;quot;to suck&amp;quot;. Refers to the adhesion of a molecule from gases, or liquids to the surface of a solid body.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Adsorption<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/adverse-effect\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Adverse effect&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The term &acute;adverse&acute; means&nbsp; harmful or undesirable effects that change metabolism appearance growth development or life span of an organism which results in impairment of functional capacity or impairment of capacity to compensate for additional stress or increase in susceptibility to the harmful effects or other environmental influences&nbsp; (based on the WHO definition 1994).&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Adverse effect<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/aerosols\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Aerosols&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;General term for mixtures of gases (e.g. air) that contain suspended solid or liquid particles (so-called particulate matter), which are approximately 1 nm to 10 &mu;m in diameter. Sea salt aerosols, for example, are formed as sea water droplets that are dispersed into the atmosphere by wind evaporate to leave sea salt particles.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Aerosols<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/afm\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;AFM&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;  \t  \t\tShort for atomic force microscopy. The AFM tip scans the sample line for line. Due to repulsion between needle and sample  a movement of the tip is detected. A three dimensional image can be simulated.  \t  &lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">AFM<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/agglomerates\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Agglomerates&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Accumulations of weakly bound particles or aggregates or of compounds of these, whose resulting surfaces are similar to the sum of surfaces of the individual components. Agglomerates are held together by weak forces, for example Van der Waals forces or simple physical hooks. Agglomerates are referred to as secondary particles, while the unbound particles are known as primary particles. See alsoDIN CEN ISO\/TS 80004-2:2017-09, International Organization for Standardization.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Agglomerates<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/aggregates\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Aggregates&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Solidly bound or molten particles, whose resulting surface may be much smaller than the sum of the calculated surfaces of the individual components. Aggregates are held together by strong forces such as covalent bonds or forces caused by sintering or complex physical hooking. Aggregates, just as agglomerates, are referred to as secondary particles. See also ISO\/TS 27687:2008 (E) International Organization for Standardization.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Aggregates<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/alveoli\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Alveoli&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;From Latin &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;alveolus,&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; &amp;#039;little cavity&amp;#039;. Thin-walled, tiny air sacs, located at the ends of the smallest airways in the lungs (the bronchioles) where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Alveoli<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/amorphous\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;amorphous&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Greek &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;amorphos&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; = shapeless. In physics and chemistry, this refers to a substance whose atoms do not form an ordered structure. antonyme to crystalline.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">amorphous<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/antigene\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Antigene&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Describes a foreign substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody. Many bacteria contain antigens. Toxins, viruses, blood cells or cells from foreign transplants can act as antigens as well.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Antigene<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/antioxidant\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Antioxidant&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Any substance that prevents or reduces free-oxygen-radicals, which attack other molecules and modify their chemical structure. Antioxidants are commonly used as preservatives in food or cosmetics. Well-known antioxidants include vitamins A, C and E.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Antioxidant<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/apoptosis\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Apoptosis&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Physiological or programmed cell death. In apoptosis only individual cells are affected generally and these react to internal signals (e.g. adjacent cells) or external stress situations. At the beginning of this process the cell nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondria are shrinking; the cell membrane remains undamaged, so that no inflammatory reaction occurs. The biochemical indicator of apoptosis is the fragmentation of DNA. Along with proliferation the apoptosis is the common instrument to stabilise the cell count.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Apoptosis<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/aspiration\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Aspiration&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;From lat. &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;aspirare&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - to breath. Describes in animal experiments the administration of (particle) suspensions in the nasopharynx with a hollow needle. The liquid droplet is injected with some pressure, so that the suspension can pass into the lung. This procedure is related to the instillation.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Aspiration<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/bet\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;BET&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Description of a method (&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;B&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;runauer-&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;E&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;mmett-&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;T&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;eller) for the analysis technique of sizing surfaces by means of gas adsorption.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">BET<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/bioaccumulation\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Bioaccumulation&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Greek for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;bios&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - life and Latin for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;accumulare&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - pile up accumulate; is the accumulation of a substance in an organism by absorption from the surrounding medium (e.g. water in fish) and through food.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Bioaccumulation<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/bioavailability\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Bioavailability&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Refers to the rate and extent to which a substance is absorbed unchanged from the environment or the gastrointestinal tract into the body. The amount taken up does not necessarily correspond to the amount present in food or in the environment of a living organism.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Bioavailability<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/biocompatibility\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Biocompatibility&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Greek for bios - life and compatible; substances having no negative impact on living organisms or tissues  behave neutrally in the body and do not cause allergic or toxic (poisonous) reactions. Particularly relevant for implants (e.g. made of diamond  zirconium dioxide  titanium) that are located over a long period in direct contact with an organism.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Biocompatibility<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/biomagnification\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Biomagnification&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Greek for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;bios&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - life and Latin &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;magnificare&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - increase; is the accumulation of a substance in an organism, only taking the dietary intake into account.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Biomagnification<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/biomarker\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Biomarker&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Molecules or structures acting as indicators for environmental stress or disease, for example in medicine or biology. Characteristic biological features that can be objectively measured and indicate a normal biological or pathological process in the body.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Biomarker<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/bottom-up-method\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;bottom-up&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Literal meaning &amp;quot;from bottom to top&amp;quot;. Production process starting from small units (from atoms, for example in nanotechology).&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">bottom-up<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/buckminsterfullerene\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Buckminsterfullerene&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Or buckyball, these are other terms for the carbon compounds described under fullerenes. They are derived from the name of Buckminster Fuller, the &rdquo;inventor&amp;quot; of the fullerene structures.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Buckminsterfullerene<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/carcinogen\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Carcinogen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A substance, an organism or a radiation that causes or promotes cancer.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Carcinogen<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/chronic\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Chronic&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Denotes a slowly occurring or long-lasting effect (e.g. toxic effects occurring only after long exposure time or a protracted inflammation).&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Chronic<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/clearance\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Clearance&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;In medicine  it is a measurement of the excretion ability of certain organs like the kidneys or the liver. It corresponds to the calculated plasma volume per unit of time [ml\/min]  which was cleared of a particular substance.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Clearance<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/co-culture\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Co-culture&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;describes a complex model system for the simultaneous cultivation of different cell types which mimics the interaction of the cell types in the natural environment (organs, body). A well-known example for this are lung models that consist of lung epithelial cells, macrophages, endothelial cells and further immunocompetent cells as these are present in the lung as well.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Co-culture<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/coating\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Coating&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Is a covering that is applied as a thin film to the surface of an object, e.g. nanoparticles. Coatings are applied to improve surface properties of the nanoparticles, such as solubility adhesion, wetability and corrosion resistance and to reduce dissolution of ions. Frequently used coatings in nanotechnology include polymers, lipids (medical applications) or metals (catalysts).&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Coating<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/colloids\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Colloids&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Very small solid particles (typically smaller than 10 &micro;m) suspended in a solvent. Compared with solids in suspensions, solids in a colloid do not precipitate, i.e. do not sink to the bottom of a vessel. In liquids, colloids are recognized by clouding and\/or the so-called Tyndall effect.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Colloids<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/concentration\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Concentration&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Collective term for measures related to volume, e.g. g\/ml, kg\/l, g\/cm&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;\/sup&amp;gt;. Due to their high surface\/volume ratio, for nanoparticles instead of mass-related, surface-related concentration ranges, e.g. cm&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;\/sup&amp;gt;\/ml is frequently used.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Concentration<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/crystal-structure\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Crystal structure&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Describes the regular arrangement of atoms or molecules in a crystal lattice. Different lattice structures of the same material (e.g. titanium dioxide) give nanoparticles different chemical and physical properties (e.g. photocatalytic activity).&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Crystal structure<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/crystalline\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;crystalline&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Refers to substances where the atoms are regularly arranged in grid structures. Opposite = amorphous.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">crystalline<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/cytoplasm\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Cytoplasm&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Is referred to as the entire living content of a cell, which is enclosed to the outside by the cell membrane.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Cytoplasm<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/cytosol\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Cytosol&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Also intracellular fluid or cytoplasmic matrix; cytosol is referred to as the liquid components of the cytoplasm of cells. The cytosol consists of water and therein dissolved ions, small molecules and larger water-soluble molecules, such as proteins.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Cytosol<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/deposition\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Deposition&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;To deposit, marks the deposit of solid, liquid and gaseous particles in the organism.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Deposition<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/diffusion\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Diffusion&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Physical process leading to the mixing of different gaseous, liquid or solid substances theat are in contact with each other.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Diffusion<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/dispersion\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Dispersion&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;From Latin &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;dispersus&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - dispersal. In chemistry: mixing of two substances that cannot dissolve each other completely or react with each other completely. In physics: dependence of the propagation of waves on wavelength. Example: Decomposition of white light into light of different colours by a prism.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Dispersion<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/doping\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Doping&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Materials that are impurified during production with small parts of another material (intentional impurification) are referred to as doped materials. Such traces of other elements can decisively affect the properties of a material, as, for example, is the case with different types of steel. In nanoparticles, individual atoms can be replaced by other atoms.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Doping<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/dose\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Dose&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Term for the amount of a substance, which acts within a specific time or to a specific organism (see also LD50). In toxicity testing of nanoparticles, dose information, such as number of particles\/cell or &micro;g particles\/cm&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;\/sup&amp;gt; surface area are used.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Dose<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/ec50\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;EC50&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Short for &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;e&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;ffective &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;c&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;oncentration, concentration of a substance that causes the half maximal effect of an observed effect.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">EC50<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/ecosystem\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Ecosystem&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;From Greek &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;oik&oacute;s&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - house and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;s&yacute;stema&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - the connected one. An ecosystem describes the association of a habitat (e.g. a forest) with the community of several very different species (plants, animals, microorganisms) living there.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Ecosystem<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/electrolyte\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Electrolyte&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Greek for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;electron&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - amber and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;lytik&oacute;s&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - soluble, a chemical compound that contains mobile ions, which move under the influence of a directional electric field thus generating electrical conductivity of the solution.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Electrolyte<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/electron-microscopy\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Electron microscopy&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;is a method for representing very small structures. By using an electron beam instead of light significantly better resolution of about 0.1 nm is achieved, so this type of microscopy often used to detect nanoparticles in cells. The two distinctions are TEM and SEM.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Electron microscopy<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/elemental-ratio\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Elemental ratio&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Describes the elemental ratio for a substance consisting of two or more different chemical elements. For some nanomaterials, this specific ratio can be used to identify the nanomaterials in complex samples like in the environment.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Elemental ratio<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/emission\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Emission&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Latin &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;emittere&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - to emit. The discharge or emission. For the environment, it generally means the emission of (disturbing) factors into the environment.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Emission<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/endocytosis\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Endocytosis&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Greek for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;&eacute;ndon&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - inside and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;kytos&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - a cell, denotes the inclusion of foreign material (microorganisms, particles or solutes) into the cell through invagination and pinching off of portions of the cell membrane with the formation of a vesicle.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Endocytosis<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/endogenous\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Endogenous&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Describes processes originating or being produced within an organism, tissue, or cell.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Endogenous<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/endosome\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Endosome&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Greek &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;endo&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - inside und &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;soma&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - body, are vesicles of animal and plant cells that are formed during endocytosis. They belong to the organelles of the cell.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Endosome<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/endothelial-cells\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;endothelial cells&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The tissue which forms a single layer of cells lining various organs and cavities of the body, especially the blood vessels, heart and lymphatic vessels.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">endothelial cells<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/enzyme\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Enzyme&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Greek for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;en&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - in and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;z&yacute;m&#275;&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - leaven or yeast. Enzymes are proteins which act as biochemical catalysts by splitting or otherwise changing substances (e.g. sugar). They are involved in the biochemical reaction but are not changed by the reaction.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Enzyme<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/epidemiology\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Epidemiology&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Derived from the Greek terms &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;epi&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - upon among; &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;demos&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - people district; &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;logos&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - study. &amp;#039;The study of what is upon the people&amp;#039;. Scientific studies are dealing with the reasons, impacts and extension of health related substances in populations. Epidemiological studies show impacts of toxic substances on the human population, often unintended by incident.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Epidemiology<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/epithelial-cells\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;epithelial cells&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The thin tissue forming the outer layer of a body&amp;#039;s surface and lining the alimentary canal and other hollow structures.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">epithelial cells<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/ex-vivo\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ex vivo&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Latin: &amp;#039;out of the living&amp;#039;, procedures or processes, in which living biological material, in particular cells, tissues or organs taken from a living organism and cultured outside of that. This will allow treatment and analysis of the material under controlled conditions.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">ex vivo<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><div class=\"term-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/exogenous\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Exogenous&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Describes processes having an external cause or origin.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Exogenous<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/exposure\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Exposure&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Means to expose an object to a particular influence: In the case of nanomaterials, in particular, the contact of humans, animals or the environment with the possibility of incorporating nanomaterials. Both the quantity and the period of ingestion are of concern. For more information, see Basics - How do you get in contact with nanomaterials? .&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Exposure<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/fluorescence\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Fluorescence&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;is the property of a material to emit light of a certain wavelength after it has been irradiated with light of another wavelength (usually of higher energy).&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Fluorescence<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/free-radicals\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Free Radicals&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Atoms or molecules that contain one or several unpaired electrons and, in that sense, are &amp;quot;free&amp;quot;. Correspondingly, any free radical has an electron that stands alone. Many free radicals are highly reactive, meaning that they have a strong tendency to arrange in pairs and, thus, escape the instable unpaired condition. For pairing, free radicals randomly receive electrons from a suitable donor or donate electrons to an appropriate acceptor, which converts into secondary free radicals. Such chain reactions may cause biological damage.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Free Radicals<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/frustrated-phagocytosis\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Frustrated phagocytosis&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Takes place when the process of phagocytosis is disturbed or prevented because the particles or fibres are too large or too long for uptake by the macrophages. The macrophage &amp;quot;chokes&amp;quot; on such particles and dies. At the same time triggering an inflammatory process that can become chronic and lead to disease (fibrosis, tumour)&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Frustrated phagocytosis<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/fullerol\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Fullerol&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Denotes the hydroxylated form of fullerene. The specific surface modification with hydroxyl (OH) groups significantly improves the solubility of fullerol in water.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Fullerol<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/gbs\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;GBD&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Abbreviation for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;granular biopersistent dust&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;particles&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;, without a known intrinsic toxicity. This includes all dust particles (in the micro- as well as in the nanometer scale), which 1. can be inhaled, 2. exhibit no systemic toxic effects and 3. which are not or only poorly degradable by the human body.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">GBD<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/genotoxicity\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Genotoxicity&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Genotoxic effects are damages to the genetic material of organisms (DNA). They can lead to mutations or increase the error rate in the doubling of DNA at each cell division. Genotoxicity is therefore not necessarily associated with mutagenicity.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Genotoxicity<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/hardness\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Hardness&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Describes the resistance of a solid material against penetration of another solid body. It is determined by means of scratching (Mohs hardness number in geology) or by indentation methods (materials science) which differ with respect to the indenter and the load regime (Vickers, Rockwell, Knoop, Berkovich). They deliver different hardness figures.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Hardness<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/hemolysis\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;hemolysis&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;is the rupture or destruction of red blood cells and release of cellular contents (e.g. hemoglobin) into the plasma.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">hemolysis<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/histopathology\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Histopathology&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Science concerned with the study of microscopic changes in diseased tissues.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Histopathology<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/humic-acids\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;humic acids&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Are natural organic constituents of humus, soil, peat and coal. The group of different acids is formed by partial degradation of remains of dead organisms in the soil.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">humic acids<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/hydrophilic\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;hydrophilic&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Greek &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;hydor&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - water and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;philia&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - love: water-loving. Describing the character of a molecule, a substance, or a surface, which has an affinity to water.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">hydrophilic<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/hydrophobic\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;hydrophobic&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Greek &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;hydros&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - water and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;phobos&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - fear: water repelling. Describing the character of a molecule, a substance, or a surface, which has a low affinity to water.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">hydrophobic<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/hyperthermia\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Hyperthermia&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Is the targeted overheating of tumor tissue (&amp;gt; 40&deg;C), usually by means of electromagnetic waves, in order to kill the surrounding tumor cells.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Hyperthermia<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/in-silico\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;in silico&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Latin &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;in silicio&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - in Silicium. Means the simulation of biological and biochemical processes using computer programs.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">in silico<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/in-vitro\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;in vitro&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;quot;In the test tube&rdquo; from the Latin &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;vitrum&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; &ndash; &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;glass,&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; referring to reactions outside the organism, sometimes under participation of autologous physiological conditions.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">in vitro<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/in-vivo\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;in vivo&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;From the Latin &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;vivus&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; &ndash; alive, characterising reactions or processes that take place in the living organism under physiological conditions.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">in vivo<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/inert\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;inert&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;chemicals or materials which are chemically inactive and are stable over long periods in the environment&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">inert<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/inflammation\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Inflammation&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Typical response of animal tissues to potentially damaging stimuli e.g. by physical stimuli (pressure), chemical stimuli (heat or cold), or by micro-organisms (viruses, bacteria), with the function to remove this stimulus and to prevent its spread. Some technical nanoparticles are suspected to cause inflammations because of their bacteria- and virus-like particle shape, e.g. by inhalation of very high Titaniumdioxid concentrations in the lung.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Inflammation<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/instillation\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Instillation&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Administration of (particle-)suspensions into visceral cavities or hollow organs (e.g. nose, throat) of an organism.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Instillation<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/intravenous\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;intravenous&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Describes the direct administration of a drug, liquid solution or suspension into a venous blood vessel.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">intravenous<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/isoelectric-point\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Isoelectric point&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Abbreviation IEP, also pI or point of zero charge, is an important parameter for assessing the behaviour of nanoparticles in aqueous surroundings. The IEP is the pH of an aqueous suspension, where the positive and negative charges on the particle surfaces are balanced. The IEP for each particle type is individually different and an important material parameter to assess the stability of particles in suspension.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Isoelectric point<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/landfilling\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;landfilling&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Dedicated use of land for disposing waste in an engineered facility.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">landfilling<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/lavage\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Lavage&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;French, from latin &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;lavare&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - to wash. Medical procedure. Irrigation or washing out of a hollow organ or cavity, such as the stomach intestine or the lung.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Lavage<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/lc50\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LC50&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Short for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;l&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;ethal &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;c&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;oncentration&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;, concentration of a substance leading to the death of 50% of the exposed organisms.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">LC50<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/ld50\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LD50&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Short for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;l&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;ethal &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;d&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;ose&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;. Concentration of a substance that leads to death of 50% of the organisms exposed to it.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">LD50<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/leachate\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;leachate&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;In landfills, leachate is produced by the infiltrating rain that seeps through the waste. Leachate contains extracted solutes, suspended solids and any other component of the material that are transferred from the solid phase to the liquid phase.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">leachate<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/life-cycle-assessment\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Life Cycle Assessment&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Short LCA. Systematic analysis of the environmental impacts of products throughout the life cycle (&amp;quot;cradle-to-grave&amp;quot;).&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Life Cycle Assessment<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/lipophilic\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;lipophilic&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Greek &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;lipos&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - fat and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;philia&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - love: fat-loving having, an affinity to fat and high lipid solubility.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">lipophilic<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/lipophobic\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;lipophobic&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Greek &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;lipos&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - fat and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;phobos&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - fear: avoiding fat, having a low affinity to fat and a high affinity to water.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">lipophobic<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/liposome\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Liposome&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Derived from the Greek terms &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;l&iacute;pos&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; = fat and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;s&#333;ma&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; = body; synonyms are lipid vesicles or fat globules. They can be found naturally in cells or synthetically produced as spherical structures (diameters from 25 nanometers to 1 micron). They function as drug carriers which in turn are selectively enriched in distinct organs and cell complexes.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Liposome<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/loel\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;LOEL&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Short for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;L&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;owest &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;o&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;bserved &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;e&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;ffect &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;l&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;evel&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">LOEL<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/lysosome\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Lysosome&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Small organells sorrounded by a membrane. The main function is to digest and to disrupt foreign material or body&amp;#039;s own substances by the enzymes contained in them.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Lysosome<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/macrophage\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Macrophage&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Greek &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;makros&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - large and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;phagein&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - eat. Big eaters, cells of the immune system serve to eliminate microorganisms or particles by phagocytosis; especially in areas of inflammation.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Macrophage<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/mbbt\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;MBBT&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;chem. &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Methylene-bis-Benzotriazolyltetramethylbutylphenol&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;, is a yellowish organic solid and practically insoluble in water. The nanomaterial has been approved in the EU as a broadband UV filter in cosmetic products. It forms a protective film on the upper skin layer and scatters reflects and absorbs the UV rays of the sun, especially UV-A radiation.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">MBBT<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/mesothelioma\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Mesothelioma&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;is a rare cancer of the connective tissue, e.g. of the pleura. Since these tumours are often associated with an ingestion of asbestos, this disease is also called asbestosis. The time from ingestion to the appearance of the tumour can be over 40 years. This is also the reason why deaths from asbestos are still recorded in Europe, even though asbestos has been banned for 30 years.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Mesothelioma<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/microinjection\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Microinjection&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Describes a transfection method where microscopically small substances such as antibodies, organelles or DNA are injected in very small amounts in a single cell using a very fine glass micropipette. This procedure is normally performed using a specialised microscope setup, a so-called &amp;quot;micro-manipulator&amp;quot;.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Microinjection<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/micron\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Micron&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The term &amp;quot;micro&amp;quot; comes from the Greek word &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;mikr&oacute;s&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; = small. Abbreviation = &micro;m. 1&nbsp;&micro;m is one thousandth of a millimeter or one millionth of a meter, or 1\/1.000,000 or 1\/1 million m.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Micron<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/modelling\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Modelling&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Is the simulation of different processes (biochemical processes in cells, material flows of nanoparticles in ecosystems) using especially developed computer programs. By changing relevant parameters of a process, modelling allows predictions and saves laborious experiments.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Modelling<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/monomer\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Monomer&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;from ancient Greek: &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;m&oacute;nos - &amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;alone or single, and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;-mer -&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; part. A monomer is a small building block that can react with other equivalent building blocks to form a large chain, linear or branched, known as a polymer.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Monomer<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/mtt-assay\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;MTT assay&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Abbreviation for the dye compound &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;3-(4,5-Di&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;m&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;ethyl&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;t&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;hiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;t&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;etrazolium bromidefor&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;. Measuring the functionality of animal and human cells. Colorimetric assay for measuring the activity of enzymes that reduce MTT or close dyes.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">MTT assay<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/mucociliary-clearance\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Mucociliary clearance&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Describes the self-cleaning mechanism of the bronchi during which mucus and other materials are removed from the airways by the cilia of the epithelial cells.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Mucociliary clearance<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/mutagenicity\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Mutagenicity&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Describes the capacity of certain chemicals or high energy radiation to cause changes in the genetic material (DNA), known as mutations.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Mutagenicity<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/nanocomposite\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Nanocomposite&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Also referred to as hybrid materials, are materials (often polymers) that contain well-distributed nanoparticles or other nanostructures (e.g. nanopores). However, one also speaks of nanocomposites when different nanoparticles together form a &amp;quot;nanogranular&amp;quot; material.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Nanocomposite<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/nanoemulsion\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Nanoemulsion&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Latin &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;ex&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;mulg&#275;re&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - milked out (milk is a well-known emulsion). Finely distributed mixture of two normally immiscible liquids (e.g. water and oil) with no visible segregation. If the droplets are nanoscale, this is called a nanoemulsion.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Nanoemulsion<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/nanofertilisers\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Nanofertilisers&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Is the transformed formulation of conventional fertilizer using nanotechnology. Nanoscale or nanostructured materials act as fertilizer carriers to enable controlled-release, enhanced solubility and enhanced nutrient use efficiency. In contrast to the convential fertilizer the soil impact is believed to be reduced by nano based fertilisers. One representative already in use is nitrogen containing zeolite.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Nanofertilisers<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/nanofibre\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Nanofibre&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Nano-object with two similar external dimensions in the nanoscale and a third significantly larger.\r\nSee also ISO\/TS 80004-2:2015, International Organization for Standardization&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Nanofibre<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/nanogel\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Nanogel&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Made of natural or synthetic polymers with a diameter of 10-100 nanometers. The gel forms pores that can be loaded with small molecules (e.g. pesticides).&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Nanogel<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/nanomaterial\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Nanomaterial&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The European Commission updated the common definition of the term &amp;quot;nanomaterial&amp;quot; in 2022:&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&lsquo;Nanomaterial&rsquo; means a natural, incidental or manufactured material consisting of solid particles that are present, either on their own or as identifiable constituent particles in aggregates or agglomerates, and where 50% or more of these particles in the number-based size distribution fulfil at least one of the following conditions:\r\n&amp;lt;ol&amp;gt;\r\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;one or more external dimensions of the particle are in the size range 1 nm to 100 nm;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\r\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;the particle has an elongated shape, such as a rod, fibre or tube, where two external dimensions are smaller than 1 nm and the other dimension is larger than 100 nm;&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\r\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;the particle has a plate-like shape, where one external dimension is smaller than 1 nm and the other dimensions are larger than 100 nm.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\r\n \t&amp;lt;li&amp;gt;In the determination of the particle number-based size distribution, particles with at least two orthogonal external dimensions larger than 100 &mu;m need not be considered.&amp;lt;\/li&amp;gt;\r\n&amp;lt;\/ol&amp;gt;\r\nHowever, a material with a specific surface area by volume of &amp;lt; 6 m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;\/sup&amp;gt;\/cm&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;\/sup&amp;gt; shall not be considered a nanomaterial.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/chemicals\/nanotech\/pdf\/C_2022_3689_1_EN_ACT_part1_v6.pdf&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Nanomaterial<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/nanometer\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Nanometer&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The term &amp;quot;nano&amp;quot; is derived from the Greek word &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;nanos&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;, dwarf. Abbreviation nm. A nm is one millionth of a millimeter or 1\/1.000,000,000 (1\/1 billion) of a meter.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Nanometer<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/nanoobject\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Nanoobject&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Material with one, two or three external dimensions in the nanoscale. This is a generic term for all nanoscale objects.\r\nSee also ISO\/TS 80004-2:2015, International Organization for Standardization&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Nanoobject<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/nanoparticle\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Nanoparticle&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Nano-object with all three external dimensions in the nanoscale.\r\nSee also ISO\/TS 80004-2:2015, International Organization for Standardization&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Nanoparticle<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/nanoplate\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Nanoplate&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Nano-object with one external dimension in the nanoscale and two other external dimensions significantly larger. See also ISO\/TS 80004-2:2015 International Organization for Standardization&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Nanoplate<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/nanoscale\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Nanoscale&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Size range from approximately 1 nm to 100 nm.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Nanoscale<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/nanoscale-2\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;nanoscale&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ranging in size from 1 to 100 nanometers&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">nanoscale<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/nanowaste\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;nanowaste&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Separately collected or collectable waste materials which are or contain engineered nanomaterials.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">nanowaste<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/natural-organic-matter\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Natural organic matter&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A group of compounds derived from the decay of dead plants and animals. Natural organic matter is present throughout the ecosystem.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Natural organic matter<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/necrosis\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Necrosis&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Greek &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;n&eacute;krosis&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - dead. Unplanned cell death, such as through injury. In this case, the cell contents are released, which damage the environment and cause inflammation. Necrosis always means danger for the body.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Necrosis<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/noael\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;NO(A)EL&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Short for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;no&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt; &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;o&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;bserved (&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;a&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;dverse) &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;e&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;ffect &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;l&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;evel&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;.\r\n&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">NO(A)EL<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/noec\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;NOEC&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Short for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;o &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;o&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;bserved &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;e&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;ffect &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;c&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;oncentration&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">NOEC<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/noxa\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Noxa&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Latin &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;noxa&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; &ndash; damage, every harmful effect on man and\/or environment.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Noxa<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/oecd\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;OECD&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Acronym for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;. The mission of the organisation is to promote policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;See also: http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">OECD<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/organelle\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Organelle&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Refers to functional systems within a (eukaryotic) cell, which are enclosed by a lipid membrane, e.g. Mitochondria, chloroplasts, the nucleus, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes or the endoplasmic reticulum.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Organelle<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/oxidative-stress\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Oxidative Stress&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Results from an imbalance between the intracellular production of free radicals and the cellular defense mechanisms. The balance between oxidants and antioxidants may be disturbed by the increase in free radicals or the reduction of antioxidant substances. Oxidative stress may cause destructive biochemical reactions.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Oxidative Stress<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/particulate-matter\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;particulate matter&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Is divided into several subgroups according to particle size. PM&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;10&amp;lt;\/sub&amp;gt; covers all particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometre and less followed by PM&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2.5&amp;lt;\/sub&amp;gt; for all particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2,5 micrometre and less and ultrafine particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 0,1 micrometre. In Europe, binding limit values for particulate matter fractions PM&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;10&amp;lt;\/sub&amp;gt; (daily limit value 50 &mu;g \/ m&sup3;) and PM&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2.5&amp;lt;\/sub&amp;gt; (daily limit value 25 &mu;g \/ m&sup3;) ensure air quality and protection of human health.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">particulate matter<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/pathogen\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pathogen&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Greek &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;pathos&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - suffering and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;genesis&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - origin, a disease causing. All substances or organisms that can cause a disease are summarised as pathogens.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Pathogen<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/pec\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;PEC&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Short for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;predicted environmental concentration&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;, is a theoretical value giving an indication of the expected concentration of a material (e.g. nanoparticles) in the environment (exposure assessment). The calculation takes into account the amount initially present (or added to) the environment, its distribution in the different environmental compartments, and the probable rates of environmental degradation and removal, either forced or natural.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">PEC<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/peptide\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Peptide&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Refers to a molecule that is composed of 2 or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds (chemical bond between carboxyl and amino group of two adjacent amino acids).&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Peptide<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/perfusion-model\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;perfusion model&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Refers to an isolated organ (e.g. liver or placenta) that is perfused in the laboratory with a nutrient solution instead of blood and can thus be kept alive for several hours to days for experiments. These organs come from organ donations, which must always be released by the donor with his written consent.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">perfusion model<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/persistence\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Persistence&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;In biology and environmental chemistry, the term &amp;quot;persistence&rdquo; denotes the property of substances to persist in the environment over long periods of time while remaining unchanged by physical, chemical or biological processes.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Persistence<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/pesticide\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pesticide&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Latin &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;pestis&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - plague and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;caedere&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - kill. Man-made chemical substances used to kill, displace or inhibit reproduction of organisms regarded as annoying or harmful. Generic term for all plant protection products and substances for pest control.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Pesticide<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/ph\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;pH&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Latin, short for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;pondus\/potentia hydrogenii&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - weight\/power of hydrogen. Dimensionless measure of the acidic or alkaline (basic) reaction of an aqueous solution. The pH of a nanoparticle suspension affects the behaviour of particles in the solution (agglomeration, solubility, suspensibility).&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">pH<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/phagocytosis\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Phagocytosis&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Greek &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;phagein&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - to eat. Mechanism of uptake from particles to small cells in a single eukaryotic cell. Usually, particles are taken up by the cells as membrane-bound aggregates, i.e. large aggregates in vesicles, vacuoles or lamellar bodies (cell compartments surrounded by membranes) through phagocytosis. In mammals, phagocytosis is performed mainly by special cells of the immune system, including the macrophages, monocytes (precursor cells of macrophages), and neutrophils (or neutrophilic granulocytes, belonging to the white blood cells). This uptake is an active, regulated process.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Phagocytosis<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/photocatalytic-activity\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Photocatalytic activity&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Ability of some nano materials (e.g. TiO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;\/sub&amp;gt;) to speed up a certain reaction (&amp;quot;photoreaction&amp;quot;) as a catalyst in combination with light (sunlight, ultraviolet light). In the case of TiO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;\/sub&amp;gt;, for example, influenced by sunlight radicals (see also ROS) are formed, which decompose organic materials. This effect is used for self-cleaning surfaces.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Photocatalytic activity<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/pinocytosis\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Pinocytosis&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Is the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Pinocytosis<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/pnec\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;PNEC&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Short for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;p&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;redicted &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;o &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;e&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;ffect &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;c&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;oncentration&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;, predicted concentration of a hazardous substance in the environment, which shows no impact on the environment (effect assessment). If this concentration is thus below the PNEC, it should not have any negative effects. PNECs find application especially with PECs in the risk quotient in environmental risk assessment.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">PNEC<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/polymer\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Polymer&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Greek &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;poly&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - more and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;m&eacute;ros&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - part, meaning &amp;quot;build from many parts&amp;quot;, describes chemical&nbsp; compounds that are composed from identical or similar units (so-called monomers). These units can be linked to either chains or branched molecules. The process of bonding the monomers together is called polymerisation.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Polymer<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/ppm\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ppm&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;English abbreviation for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;p&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;arts &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;p&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;er &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;m&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;illion&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; = 10&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-6&amp;lt;\/sup&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">ppm<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/primary-particles\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Primary particles&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Nanoparticles, which can affiliate to a bigger linked system (agglomerate, aggregate).&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Primary particles<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/quantum-dot\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Quantum dot&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Crystaline nanoparticle that exhibits size-dependent properties due to quantum confinement effects on the electronic states.\r\nSee also ISO\/TS 27687:2008 (E), International Organization for Standardization&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Quantum dot<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/quaternary-ammonium-compounds\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;quaternary ammonium compounds&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;nitrogen compounds with four organic moieties bound to the nitrogen atom leading to a positive charge of the molecule&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">quaternary ammonium compounds<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/reach\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;REACH&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Short for&amp;lt;em&amp;gt; Registration, Evaluation, Authorization of Chemicals. &amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;REACH is the novel EC regulation no. 1907\/2006 that has been in force since June 1, 2007. For further information see https:\/\/echa.europa.eu\/regulations\/reach\/understanding-reach&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">REACH<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/read-across\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;read-across&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;is regarded as a technique for predicting endpoint information for one substance (target substance), by using data from the same endpoint from (an)other substance(s), (source substance(s)). Read-across must be, in all cases, justified scientifically and documented thoroughly&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">read-across<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/risk-quotient\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Risk quotient&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Is calculated from an estimated exposure (PEC), divided by an estimated effect (PNEC). If a value less than 1, then there is an acceptable risk. In contrast, if the RQ greater than 1, there is an unacceptable level of risk and measures to reduce exposure should be taken.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Risk quotient<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/ros\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ROS&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Short for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;r&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;eactive &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;o&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;xygen &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;s&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;pecies&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;, the organism considering harmful forms of oxygen, which result from oxidative stress.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">ROS<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/secregation\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Secretion&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Latin &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;secernere&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - segregate. Release of important substances for the organism (for example hormones, digestive enzymes) by specialised cells, especially glandular cells. The substances themselves are called secretions&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Secretion<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/sedimentation\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sedimentation&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Settling of particles from liquids influenced by gravity and other forces, e.g. the centrifugal forces generated in a centrifuge. The sedimentation rate is determined by the particle size and density of the material.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Sedimentation<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/sediments-natural\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sediments (natural)&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Caused by deposition or settling of particles (e.g. sand, suspended solids or organic remains) on land or in waters under the influence of cold, wind and water.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Sediments (natural)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/sem\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;SEM&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Abbreviation for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Scanning Electron Microscope&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;. A device to study smallest samples by scanning the object using electron beams. The resulting images are detailed illustrations of the object surfaces and have a great depth of field.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">SEM<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/sintering\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sintering&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Technical process, in which granular or powdery materials are mixed and then connected to each other by heating. They are baked together (similar to the burning clay or porcelain). The substances are heated to temperatures which are below the melting temperatures of the substance or at least one component of a mixture of substances. This method is used in many nanotechnology application processes.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Sintering<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/smart-textiles\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;smart textiles&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Also called intelligent textiles. They are able to sense stimuli from the environment, to react to them and adapt to them by integration of functionalities in the textile structure. The stimulus and response can have an electrical, thermal, chemical, magnetic or other origin.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">smart textiles<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/solubility\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Solubility&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The solubility of a substance indicates whether and to what extent a substance in a solvent (usually a liquid) can be solved. It describes the property of a substance to be evenly mixed with the solvent. Inorganic nanoparticles (mostly metals and metal oxides) decompose into ions. The solubility depends i.a. of temperature and pH of the solution.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Solubility<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/spion\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;SPION&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Short for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;s&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;uperparamagnetic &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;ron &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;o&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;xide &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;n&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;anoparticles.&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">SPION<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/stabilisation\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Stabilisation&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Auxiliary substances that contribute significantly to obtaining or maintaining a stable condition. This can for example be a certain particle size (preventing the agglomeration), or composition. Commonly used stabilising agents for nanomaterials include citrate, phosphates, or polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG).&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Stabilisation<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/subacute\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Subacute&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Refers to a course or effect, which is located between acute and chronic, e.g. a less intense course, in time neither fast nor slow running.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Subacute<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/surface-charge\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Surface charge&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Is the electric charge present at the interface of the nanoparticle surface with a polar fluid such as water. The water contains positive and negative ions, which interact with the particle surface. If the number of adsorbed e.g. positive ions exceeds the number of negative ions, surface charge would be positive. Since direct measurement of the surface charge of particles measured is difficult, the zeta potential is calculated as a proxy for the surface charge.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Surface charge<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/surface-defects\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Surface defects&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;are gaps in an otherwise regular arrangement of atoms. These vacancies are responsible for exceptional properties of some nanomaterials such as high reactivity. In many cases, however, surface effects are undesirable and covered by surface coatings.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Surface defects<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/surface-modification\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Surface modification&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Are chemical changes on the surfaces of nanomaterials, which are commonly employed to impart certain improved properties to the surface of nanomaterials, e.g. improved solubility, resistance to UV light or scratch resistance.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Surface modification<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/surfactant\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Surfactant&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;Short for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;surface active agent&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;. Its function is to lower the surface tension and to improve the solubility in aqueous solutions. As medical term it describes the thin liquid film lining the lung for stability reasons.&amp;lt;br \/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;\/div&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Surfactant<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/suspension\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Suspension&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Solid particles suspended in a liquid, i.e. a more or less thick sludge or slurry. Normally, the solid particles deposit on the bottom if one allows the suspension to rest for a while in the vessel.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Suspension<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/systemic\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;systemic&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;quot;Concerning a system of organs&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;concerning the whole organism&amp;quot;.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">systemic<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/tbpt\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;TBPT&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;chem. &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;T&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;ris-&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;B&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;i&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;p&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;henyl-&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;T&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;riazine&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;, is a colorless organic solid and practically insoluble in water. The nanomaterial has been approved in the EUas a broadband UV filter in cosmetic products . It forms a protective film on the upper skin layer and scatters, reflects and absorbs the UV rays of the sun, especially UV-B and UV-A radiation.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">TBPT<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/tem\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;TEM&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Abbreviation for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;&amp;lt;u&amp;gt;T&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;ransmission &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;e&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;lectron &amp;lt;u&amp;gt;m&amp;lt;\/u&amp;gt;icroscopy&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;. A device to study smallest samples by shining electron beams through the object. To allow the electron beam to pass through the object, it has to be very thin.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">TEM<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/tensile-strength\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Tensile strength&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Denotes in the science of strength of materials the maximum force per original cross-sectional area (stress) that a sample can tolerate before it breaks. It is determined by a tensile test. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tensile_testing&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Tensile strength<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/tight-junctions\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Tight Junctions&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The biological term describes the extremely close connection of adjacent cells.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Tight Junctions<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/tlv\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;TLV&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Short for&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;&nbsp;threshold limit value&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">TLV<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/top-down-method\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;top-down&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Literal meaning &amp;quot;from top to bottom&amp;quot;. Production process starting from large units and proceeding with comminution (for example, cutting or grinding).&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">top-down<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/toxicity\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Toxicity&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Refers to the hazardous potential of a substance. Hence, to develop adverse reactions in cells and living organisms, and to compromise functionality, which can lead to the death of an organism. It can be distinguished as direct and indirect toxicity. In the first case the toxicity of the substance is based on an interaction with the organism by directly intervening in metabolic processes or molecular structures. In contrast, a substance may also cause a change of physical factors in the environment (e.g. reduction of incidence of light on plants, blockage of molting in crustaceans). Often, indirect toxicity is also understood as an effect of substances emerging from a non-toxic substance, e.g. by degradation or alteration in the body.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Toxicity<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/toxicology\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Toxicology&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Greek words &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;&tau;&omicron;&xi;&iota;&kappa;&#972;&sigmaf;&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - toxicos - poisonous and &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;logos&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; - study of the adverse effects of poison&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Toxicology<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/trgs\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;TRGS&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Short for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Technical Rules for Hazardous Substances &amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;(from German: Technische Regeln f&uuml;r Gefahrstoffe).&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;\r\n&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">TRGS<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><div class=\"term-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/van-der-waals-forces\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Van-der-Waals-Forces&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Weak non-covalent interactions between atoms and molecules.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Van-der-Waals-Forces<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/vesicle\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Vesicle&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Latin &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;vesicula&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; &ndash; small bubble. Round or oval compartments that are approximately 100 nm in diameter. Vesicles are located in the cells and are surrounded by separating layers (membranes).&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Vesicle<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/waste-management\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;waste management&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Set of activities aiming at prevention, monitoring, treatment, handling, reuse and residual disposition of solid wastes.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">waste management<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/wet-chemical-processes\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;wet-chemical processes&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Are chemical reactions that are carried out in a solvent (not necessarily water).&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">wet-chemical processes<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/who-fibers\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;WHO fibers&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The World Health Organization (WHO) characterised the properties of bio persistent fibers. This refers to inorganic fiber dusts (except asbestos fibers) with a length &amp;gt; 5 microns, a diameter &amp;lt; 3 microns and a length-to-diameter ratio of &amp;gt; 3:1.&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">WHO fibers<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/DefinedTerm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/glossar\/zeta-potential\/\" role=\"term\" class=\"glossaryLink glossary-link-title \" style=\"\" itemprop=\"url\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Zeta potential&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Also &zeta;-potential, is the electrical potential at the contact layer of a moving particle with an aqueous solution (suspension). Thus, within the same suspensions, it is a relative measure of the surface potential and thus the charge of the particle. For the measurement of the zeta potential, charged particles are moved through an applied electric field. The resulting speed is then a measure of the zeta potential&lt;\/div&gt;\"><span itemprop=\"name\">Zeta potential<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12155"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12155"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12155\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12158,"href":"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12155\/revisions\/12158"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nanopartikel.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12155"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}